Transplante hepático no tratamento de lesão iatrogênica de via biliar após colecistectomia: um estudo em centro de referência no Nordeste do Brasil / Liver transplantation for treatment of biliary iatrogenic injury after cholecistectomy: a study in reference center in the Northeast of Brazil

Introdução: a lesão iatrogênica de via biliar é uma grave complicação cirúrgica que pode ocorrer durante a realização de colecistectomia. Os pacientes portadores desse tipo de lesão podem evoluir com cirrose biliar secundária a despeito de múltiplos tratamentos cirúrgicos, sendo necessário o transplante hepático como a última opção para tratamento. Objetivo: analisar o perfil dos pacientes em um centro de referência no Nordeste do Brasil submetidos a transplante hepático por lesão iatrogênica de via biliar. Métodos: foram analisados retrospectivamente 730 prontuários na Unidade de Transplante de Fígado do Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, no período de 2001 até 2015, e selecionados os oito pacientes submetidos a transplante hepático por lesão iatrogênica de via biliar. Resultados: a idade variou entre 26 e 61 anos, sendo seis indivíduos do sexo feminino. A cirurgia inicial foi a colecistectomia aberta em sete casos e videolaparoscópia em um caso. Em uma oportunidade, a lesão foi identificada durante a colecistectomia. Os sintomas se assemelharam com os descritos na literatura, incluindo colangite de repetição. Quatro pacientes eram portadores de lesão E2 e três de lesão tipo E3 de Strasberg. Seis pacientes já haviam sido submetidos a abordagens cirúrgicas prévias e o tempo entre a lesão inicial e o transplante variou entre três (3) e vinte e seis anos (26). Todos os pacientes eram portadores de Cirrose Biliar Secundária e o tempo na lista de espera para transplante variou entre 111 e 1123 dias. O MELD teve uma média de 16. O transplante foi realizado por técnica convencional em seis casos e Piggyback em dois, sendo a reconstrução por hepaticojejunostomia realizada em todos. Um paciente necessitou de retransplante, evoluindo a óbito. Conclusão: transplante hepático por lesão iatrogênica de via biliar é mais comum naqueles pacientes que demoraram a ser encaminhados para centro de referência e que foram submetidos a múltiplos procedimentos prévios.

Background: iatrogenic bile duct injury is a serious surgical complication that may occur during cholecystectomy.Patients with this type of lesion may develop secondary biliary cirrhosis, despite multiple surgical treatments, requiring liver transplantation as the last measure. Aim: analyze the patients submitted to hepatic transplantation due to iatrogenic bile duct injury in a referral center in the Northeast of Brazil. Results: the age ranged from 26 to 61 years, with six females. The initial surgery was open cholecystectomy in seven cases and videolaparoscopic in one case. In one patient the lesion was identified during cholecystectomy. The symptoms resembled those described in the literature, including recurrent cholangitis. Four patients had E2 lesions and three E3 lesions from Strasberg. Six patients had undergone previous surgical approaches and the time between initial injury and transplantation ranged from three to twenty-six years. All patients had secondary Biliary Cirrhosis and the time on the transplant waiting list varied between 111 and 1123 days. The MELD had an average of 16. The transplantation was performed by conventional technique in six cases and Piggyback in two, and reconstruction by hepaticojejunostomy performed in all. One patient needed a re-transplant and the same patient died one year later. Conclusion: hepatic transplantation due to iatrogenic bile duct injury is more common in those patients who were delayed to be referred to a referral center and who underwent multiple previous surgical procedures.

Hemobilia pós-trauma: forma não usual de hemorragia digestiva alta - relato de caso / Hemobilia post-trauma: unusual form of upper gastrointestinal bleeding - case report

A hemobilia é definida como o sangramento no trato biliar e representa uma causa rara de hemorragia digestiva alta. Sua etiologia é variada, sendo majoritariamente devido a trauma acidental e iatrogenia, e o seu tratamento padrão ouro consiste na embolização seletiva da artéria hepática. Os autores relatam o caso de um paciente de 19 anos, do sexo masculino, vítima de uma queda de 5 metros de altura. Após tomografia computadorizada de abdome, foi evidenciada lesão hepática e optado por tratamento conservador. Paciente recebeu alta hospitalar com ultrassonografia de abdome, evidenciando estabilidade da lesão e retornou após 43 dias do trauma apresentando dor epigástrica e hematêmese. Tomografia computadorizada contrastada de abdome evidenciou a presença de pseudoaneurisma de artéria hepática direita, sendo optado pela embolização. Desse modo, apesar de não ser frequente, hemobilia é uma hipótese a qual deve sempre ser considerada em pacientes com hemorragia digestiva alta que sofreram trauma acidental ou foram submetidos a algum tipo de procedimento envolvendo a árvore biliar.

Hemobilia is defined as bleeding in the biliary tract, and is a very rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Its etiology is varied (mostly due to accidental trauma and iatrogenic) and its gold standard treatment is selective hepatic artery embolization. The authors report a case of a 19 year old patient, male, victim of a fall of 5 meters high. After computed tomography of the abdomen, liver damage was observed and opted for conservative treatment. Patient was discharge with abdominal ultrasonography demonstrating stability of the injury and returned after 43 days of trauma presenting epigastric pain and hematemesis. Contrasted computed tomography of the abdomen showed the presence of pseudoaneurysm of right hepatic artery and opted for embolization. Thus, although it is unusual, it is a hypothesis that must always be considered in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding who have suffered accidental trauma or underwent some kind of procedure involving the biliary tree.

Low-Friction Minilaparoscopy Outperforms Regular 5-mm and 3-mm Instruments for Precise Tasks.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Therapeutic laparoscopy was incorporated into surgical practice more than 25 y ago. Several modifications have since been developed to further minimize surgical trauma and improve results. Minilaparoscopy, performed with 2- to 3-mm instruments was introduced in the mid 1990s but failed to attain mainstream use, mostly because of the limitations of the early devices. Buoyed by a renewed interest, new generations of mini instruments are being developed with improved functionality and durability. This study is an objective evaluation of a new set of mini instruments with a novel low-friction design. METHOD: Twenty-two medical students and 22 surgical residents served as study participants. Three designs of laparoscopic instruments were evaluated: conventional 5mm, traditional 3 mm, and low-friction 3 mm. The instruments were evaluated with a standard surgical simulator, emulating 4 exercises of various complexities, testing grasping, precise 2-handed movements, and suturing. The metric measured was time to task completion, with 5 replicates for every combination of instrument-exercise-participant. RESULTS: For all 4 tasks, the instrument design that performed the best was the same in both the medical student and surgical resident groups. For the gross-grasping task, the 5-mm conventional instruments performed best, followed by the low-friction mini instruments. For the 3 more complex and precise tasks, the low-friction mini instruments outperformed both of the other instrument designs. CONCLUSION: In standard surgical simulator exercises,low-friction minilaparoscopic instruments outperformed both conventional 3- and 5-mm laparoscopic instruments for precise tasks.